What three aspects are affected by gradation?

Gradation refers to the distribution of particle sizes within a given aggregate sample. It plays a significant role in various properties of concrete, making it a crucial factor in concrete mix design.

The aspects listed in the chosen answer are closely linked to gradation. First, concrete strength is influenced by the effective packing of aggregate particles; a well-graded mix allows for better interlocking and denser packing, which results in improved compressive strength. Second, workability is affected by gradation because the size and distribution of aggregates can impact how easily the concrete can be mixed, placed, and finished. A mix that is too coarse may not be workable, while one that is too fine may lead to segregation. Finally, the cement and water requirements for a mix are also influenced by the aggregate gradation; a well-graded mix tends to require less cement paste for cohesiveness and can achieve proper hydration, which is vital for strength development.

The other options do not directly relate to how gradation affects concrete properties in the same way. While they touch upon various aspects of concrete, they do not address the fundamental impact of aggregate particle size distribution.